Apparatus and method for controlling foam



' R. o. HENSZEY APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING FOAM Filed Oct. 5, 1946 INVENTOR. F Y 0. HE/VJZEY Arron/5 Patented July 22, 1952 APPARATUS AND METHOD FOR CONTROLLING FOAM Roy 0. Henszey, Oconomowoc, Wis. I Application October 5, 1946, Serial No. 701,558

11 Claims.

This invention relates to an apparatus and method for controlling the foam level above a liquid and particularly above. milk, the, present application being a continuation in part of my application entitled Apparatus and Means for Controlling Foam, Serial Number 592,758, filed May 9, 1945, now abandoned.-

It is a general object of the present invention to provide apparatus for limiting the height to which foam: may rise. Another object is to provide apparatus adapted to limit the rise of a foam engendered as an incident to vaporizing a liquid by the application of heat thereto. A further object is to provide efficient apparatus for evaporating liquids, and particularly milk, wherein a portion of the liquid isremoved in the form of a vapor which is relatively free of entrained liquid.

A more particular object is to provide a sanitary means whereby the level of foam engendered over milk on evaporating the latter in a retort may be kept at or below a pre-determined level which is well below the top of the retort, thereby providing a foam-free space in which vapor being withdrawn from the apparatus may be separated from any liquid particles entrained in the vapor, this separation being effected either by gravity or by gravity together with centrifuge means. going. object without introducing foam-controlling apparatus into the retort since the cleaning of milk-handling apparatus is always ,a problem, and a very important feature of the present invention is the control of foam by means entirelyexternal, whereby the control does not involve any additional structure to be cleaned.

It is also an object of the present invention to provide an improved method for controlling the level of a foam rising above a liquid.

The nature of these and other objects of the present invention become more apparent from a consideration of the following description and appended claims, together with the accompanying drawing.

I have discovered that the level of foam engendered above a liquid in a given vessel, as on the application of heat to the liquid to promote vaporization thereof, may be arrested at any pre-determined level above the liquid by applying a coolant at said level to the outer surface'of the vessel. This may conveniently-be accomplished by providing the vessel with a full It is desired to accomplish the fore-" or partial jacket embodying a coolant passage communicating with suitable coolant inlet and outlet I connections. The lowest level of the coolant'in the jacket determines the approximate level at which any foam rising in the vessel willbe arrested. o,

While other types of coolant devices have been employed to control foamlevels above a liquid,

such devices have been exposed directly to the foam. This is a disadvantage, especially when dealing with apparatus which must be cleaned and otherwise maintained in a sanitary condition, as with that employed in processing milk. The coolant means employed in the present invention does not contact the foam or the milk inthe vessel except as the wall of the latter acts to cool adjacent bubbles of foam, and therefore no additional equipment which must be cleaned is utilized.

Further, the known types of foam controlling devices have achieved their desired end only by chilling the foam area across the entire section of the vessel. This not only makes for more difficult and extended cleaning of the apparatus, but impairs the efiiciency of any thermal evaporating unit. I have discovered that no such extensive chilling is required, and that a cool area relatively small as compared with the surface or-volume to be controlled suffices to arrest a foam at the chilling point. As the foam rises from the surface of the liquid being heated, it will ultimately contact the cool wall portion of the vessel. The foam bubbles contacting the cool wall portion collapse or break, and other bubbles tending to rise above the said portion will thereupon 'flow by gravity toward the cool wall where, in turn, they are broken. .I have discovered that however restricted the coolant area, apparatus incorporating the present invention' will tend to prevent the foam from rising substantiallyabove the cooled wall level at any point within the vessel.

The greater the temperature differential between the'coolant and the foam, the smaller may be the chilling, or cold area. It is preferred that this temperature differential be approximately 50 F; Assuming the foam to be at a temperature of approximately 180 F., the entering water or other coolant should not be above F. Since water at temperatures lower than 130 F. is available almost everywhere, no artificial refrigeration will be necessary in the normal prac-' tice of my invention.- For example, in a milk evaporator having a free liquid surface of'12' sq. feet and having 480 sq. feet of heat surface which causesboiling at to F., I use a coolant jacket which cools a wall surface in-the interior of the vessel having a peripheral area of about -4'sq. feet. Water may enterthe jacket at a temperature of about 60 F. and leaves the r jacket at about 130 F., the water flowing at a rate of from about 1 to 3 gallons per minute. The heat loss in using such an organization continuously has been found to be about 1 or 2 per cent, and almost nothing when foaming must only occasionally be suppressed.

While in its general aspects the invention here disclosed is notrestricted to use with any particular foam or liquid material, the invention finds particular application when associated with milk evaporators, and especially with milk evaporators designed to handle large milk vol-' umes with relatively small apparatus. Accord ingly, the devices embodying the present invention which are illustrated in the accompanying drawing are those which find utility in evaporat ing milk and milk products.

In the drawings:

Fig. 1 is a view in vertical axial section through I a combined evaporator and separator embodying the present invention.

Fig. 2 is'a cross sectional view taken along the line 2-2 in Fig. 1.

Fig. 3 is a detail view inperspective, on an enlarged scale, of a portion of the apparatus shown in Fig. 1, the wall being broken away to show interior coolant passages.

Fig. 4 is a view in vertical axial section through a modified form of evaporator embodying the features of the present invention. v The evaporator illustrated in Figs. 1-3 com.- prises a tubular vessel I into which steam or other fluid used for heating may be admitted at 2, and from which condensate may be delivered Within the jacket I are tubes 4' which are passing downwardly through pipe 9 and into the 3 chamber 6, from whence it flows upwardly through the tubes 4 which open upwardly through a header I I. The evaporated milk may be withdrawn from chamber 6 through valve I2 and pipe I3. A float-operated valve I4 is employed to maintain the desired liquid level within the chamber 1.

Steam or vapor is generated within the liquid as the latter progresses upwardly through tubes 4. This lightens the mixture of liquid and" vapor in tubes 4, and the unbalance of the Weightfof.

this mixture and the pressure due to the solid body of liquid in the downgoer pipe 9 causes the mixture in the tubes 4 to develop considerable velocity with continued upward movement. Accordingly, both liquid and vapor are. discharged at thetopof tubes 4 with suflicient momentum to strike against an umbrella-shaped bafile I5, and from there to flow along, the under side of the bafiie and its outer edge I6, where. the liquid is discharged in a series of streamswhich are delivered in a direction both downward and nearly tangentialwith respect to the, baflie I5. Y

Beneath the overhanging and downwardly curved margin, or edge I6 of the baffle I5; are a series of vanes I I which are encountered by the liquid as it tends to issue radially from beneath the baflie. These vanes are preferably all curved in the same direction, here illustrated as counters clockwise in plan. The vanes I1 serve as guide means, and together with the overhanging margin I6 of the umbrella-shaped baflle I5 intercept and give direction to the liquid intercepted by the baifie, as well as to the vapor. The liquid tends to be discharged in separate streams between adjacent vanes along associated edge portions of the bafile, and the vapor escapes between such streams whereupon it assumes a rotary, whirling motion about the umbrella within the chamber 1. The arrangement may be that described in more detail in my companion application No. 606,097 filed July 20, 1945, now Patent No. 2,512,938, issued June 2'1, 1950. As the vapor escapes, it preserves its whirling motion as it rises to the upper portion of chamber 1 and is drawn out through an outlet 26, normally by a suction device inducing a partial vacumm in the evaporator. This centrifuging or cyclone action of the vapor causes substantially all liquid entrained in the vapor to be thrown against the side wall 8 of the chamber, from where the liquid released a position above the level of the liquid normally contained in chamber'l, and below edge I6 of. the bafile I5, is an annular jacket I9. This jacket, which also serves as a stiffener ring, incorporates coolant passages which are here'three in number as shown at 20, 2| and 22. A partition I9 and communicating ports 20 and 22", alternately on opposite sides of partition I9 (Fig. 3) provide for coolant flow through the three passages in series. A coolant inlet 23 communicates with the passage 22, while passage 20 is provided with an outlet 24 for the coolant.

Apparatus of the type here described is cus= tomarily fabricated of relatively expensive ma trials, as stainless steel. Inv the interests of economy, the walls provided are made as thin as possible, and with the aid of a. stiffening ring, as the jacket I9, a thin-walled structure is given the necessary strength and rigidity. Ordinarily such a stifiener ring as that indicated at 25 is used, such ring havin no other function.

Particularly in the early stages of evaporatio'n, relatively large volumes of foam are formed in chamber 1, and while the falling liquid" discharged from bafiie I5 acts somewhat asa foam depressant, the foam in some cases rises to an unduly high level. Inasmuch as the vapor phase. engendered by heating the milk or otherliquid must escape upwardly through chamber 1 after. passing out from beneath the bafile edge I6, it is imperative that the foam level be maintained well below the baflle edge if the escaping. vapor is not to entrap liquid particles present in the drops ofi rapidly, and therefore the vapor should be drawn 01f with as little liquid therein as possible. When a cyclone. type of evaporator is used, as that illustrated in Figs. 1-3, it is par: ticularly important to maintain; the foam level;

apogee;

belowthe centrifuge unit, o'r b'aflle l and its associated structure, for-were the foam levelto rise therabove, the escapingwhirling vapor would pickup relatively-large quantities of foam,

andin the comparatively small space between the'top of the baffle and the outlet 26, the escapof the lower coolant passage 22, the other pas-- sages being provided more or les's as a safety feature. In this manner there is at all times provided a f'oam-freespace in the upper' 'portion of chamber this space extending froma point well below the level of the baffle edge Hi to the top of the vessel. Under these conditions vapor escapingthrough-the outletdoes not carry with it the particles of liquid which wouldotherwise have been gathered from the foam were the level of the latter not'controlled in the manner here described.

The passage may have greatly less than 360 of extent, but there is no'advantage in limiting itslarcuate extent where it also serveslas a reenforcement.

In Fig. 4 Ihave disclosed a modified form of evaporator'which comprises a wall 21 enclosing a chamber 28 provided at its top with a vapor outlet 29 Disposed within the lower portion of chamber 21 are heating coils 30 adapted to receive steam or other heating fluid. The liquid to be heated passes into-the vessel through inlet pipe 3l"and is discharged through valve 32 and outlet'33.* An annular jacket 34 is mounted about a mid-portion of the outer wall'of the evaporator, the jacket being provided with connecting coolant passages 35, '36 and 31; I assages 35 and 31 are respectively provied with suitable coolant inlet and outlet means (not shown) ofthe type-illustrated in Fig. 3." The jacket 34 may also serve as a stiffener ring, thereby permitting wall 21 tobe fabricated of metal-of a relatively thin gauge. Additional stiffener rings of the type shown at 38 may also be used if desired. v

In the apparatus illustrated in Fig. 4 the liquid particles which become entrained in the rising vapor become separated therefrom by gravity as thevapor passes upwardly through the vessel and is discharged through outlet 29. However, separation of liquid from the vapor. in this manner requires that the upper portion of the evaporator be maintained in a foam-free condition, and this 'is accomplished by mounting the' coolant jacket about a mid-portion of the evaporator, i. e., above the level of liquid normally contained in the vessel but well below the top of the vessel. The foam is arrested substantially at the level of the lower coolant passage 31. In an apparatus of this character, a much deeper space must be provided between the upper level of the foam and the top of the evaporating vessel than is the case with an evaporator which incorporates a centrifuge, vapor-liquid separating unit.

It is apparent that both types of apparatus illustrated are well adapted to the processing of fluid milk, and that the problem of cleaning the apparatus and maintaining the same in a While a series of coolant passages'2-0,-2l."

sanitary Zco'ndi'tion is in no wise aggravated by the provision of the coolant jackets I9, 34. The.

interior'wallportions of the vessel adjacent the jacket'are entirely smooth and unobstructed.

, Further, both types of apparatus provide a rela-. tively large foam-free space in the upper portionof the vessel without materially impairingtheefliciency of the apparatus. Indeed, what heat loss does occur by reason of a limited cooling of 1, the foam may be recovered in large part by employingthe discharged and heated coolant liquid to preheat the milk or evaporated.

- I claim:

1. In a-method for evaporating a liquid in a vertically walled vessel under conditions such that foaming results and including the steps of heating the liquid in a heating zone to vaporize thesa-me, separating the liquid particles from the vapor in 'a separating zone and withdrawing substantially-all thevapor from the separating zone, the intermediate step of breaking the foam by cooling the wall of the vessel in a cooling zone between the heating zone and the point where vapor is withdrawn from the separating zone,

saidic'ooling zone being materially removed from v 3. The method of claim 1 in which the wall is cooled to about 50 degrees lower temperature 1 than the foam. v I 4. In an evaporator arranged to evaporate Water from a liquid containingsuspendedsolids and from'which foam is generated incidentally to evaporation, the combination with means for -maintaining a liquid level inthe evaporator,of

heatingmea'ns in a lower portion of the evapo rator for vaporizing said liquid, of cooling means on avertical side wall of the evaporator above the said liquid level and above the highest point of foam generation, and means in the evaporator above said cooling means for separating liquid' particles from the vapor, said last-named separating means comprising a substantial vapor combination with heating means for said liquid,

and cooling means on a vertical side wall above the maximum levelof liquid normally contained in the evaporator, there being'a substantial vaporreceiving space in the evaporator above said cooling means, which space permits gravity separation of. the vapor from liquid entrained therein, centrifuge means positioned above said cooling means but below the top of the evaporator, there being a vapor-receiving space above said centrifuge means permitting separation of the vapor from liquid entrained therein by both gravity and centrifugal action.

6. In an evaporator having a jacket closed by a tube sheet and tubes opening therethrough into a chamber provided with vapor dome and sump, the combination with an umbrella-shaped bafile positioned to intercept liquid ejected from the tubes, of guide fins mounted on said bafile, and of cooling means disposed about the outer wall of said chamber below the level of said other liquid to be 7: bafiie, said cooling means being adapted to cool adjacent. portions of thechamber 'walll and to maintainthe foam. levelin the chamber below said bafiie,.said guide fins being :obliquely disposed and having the, upperv portion of, each overlying and. spaced .from the lower portion of anotherwhereby saidzfins intercept liquid being discharged'from the baflle and formsaid liquid into streams. f

7.,In an evaporator having a jacket closedby;

a .tube .sheet and tubes opening .therethrough into a chamber provided with vapor dome and tain the foam level in the chamber below said baflie, wherein said battle has a depending skirt.

on which said fins are mounted in positions inclined to the vertical; said guide fins having the upper portion of each .overlying and spaced from the lower portion of another whereby said fins intercept liquid and vapor being discharged from beneath the bafile and form the liquid into streams and impart a whirling motion to the vapor, particles of-liquid entrained in the vapor being separated from the latter in part by centri fugal action as the whirling vapor passes upwardly around the bafile and is withdrawnv from the evaporator.

8. In. an evaporator having a jacket closed by a tube sheet and tubes opening therethrough into a chamber provided with vapor dome and sump, the combination with an umbrella-shaped baffle positioned to intercept liquid ejected from the tubes, of guide fins mounted 'onsaid baffle, and of cooling means disposed about the outer wall of said chamber below the level of said baffle, said cooling means being adapted to cool adjacent portions'of the chamber wall and to maintain the foam level in the chamber below said bafiie, said cooling means comprises an' an nular stifiening ring disposed about the periphery of the chamber wall, said ring being pro vided with a coolant passage.

9. In an evaporator comprising a jacket have ing. a tube sheet, tubes extending through the jacket and opening through said tube sheet, and a chamber into which said tubes open and providing a sump and a'vapor dome and having a vapor outlet, the combination'with an umbrella-1 shaped baflie overlying the tube sheetand of larger area than said tube sheet, said bafile hav inga skirt depending marginally therefrom, of-

a cooling means mounted on the outer wall surface of said chamber level of said skirt.

at a position below the- 10. In an evaporator comprising a jacket havjacket and opening through said tube-sheet, and

a chamber: intowhich said tubes'open and pro-. vidinga sump and a vapor dome and having a vapor outlet, the combination with an umbrellashapedibaflie overlying the. tube sheet and of larger area than said:v tube sheet, said bafile having, askirt'depending marginally therefrom to a level. adjacent the. level of said tube sheet and spaced; outwardly therefrom, said skirt being,

provided along its inner margin with spaced fins inclined to the verticaland having their upper ends respectively overlying and spaced from the lower-ends of adjacent-fins'for intercepting and channel-ling in streams the flow of'liquid accumulating within the baflie, and of a cooling ring jacket mounted on the outer wall surface of said chamber at a position below the level ofsaid skirt.-

11. The combination set forth in claim 10, in which the skirt comprises a substantially con.- tinuous ,wall, saidfins extending inwardly, from saidskirt'into the path of liquid flowing from said bathe-downwardly "about. said jacket, and the, cooling jacket comprises a stiffener ring mountedabout said chamberwall, said stiffener ring; being providedwith a coolant passage and with inlet and outlet means communicating with a The following references are ofrecord in the file of this patent:

UNITED STATES PATENTS I Date Number Name- 3,749 Rowland Sept. 17, 1844 14,334 Webb Feb. 26, 1856- 521346 Cooper June 26, 1894 521,974, Cooper June 26,1894 522,416 Iles July 3, 1894. 669,862 Shimer Mar. 12, 1901. 863,031 Lehnert. Aug. 13, 1907 971,258- Dunn Sept. 27, 1910 989,996 Parker '.'A pr. 18, 1911 1,028,737 Kestner June 4, 1912 1,067,010 Du-nn July 8, 1913 1,250,094 Cozzolino Dec. 11, 1917 1,511,435 Yates-. Oct. 14, 1924 1,762,493: Watro-us {June 10, 1930 1,783,813 Schneible Dec. 2, 1930 2,091,187 Savage i Aug. 24, 1937 2,106,589 Bigger et a1. Jan. 25, 1938 2,223,595 Blakeslee l Dec. 3,.- 1940 2,287,995 I Iaugh V July 30;. 1942 2,305,166 Koch Dec. 15, 1942 2,512,938 Henszey- June 27, 1950 2,537,346- Henszey Jan. 9, 1951 FOREIGN PATENTS Number. Country Date' 15,257 Great Britain July 2, 1907 440,770

Great Britain Jan. 6, 1936 

